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초록· 키워드
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From its inception, Chos?n focused on the defense of its border as well as the protection of its territory and people. To this end, it adopted a policy toward the Jurchens in the north that combined elements of appeasement and suppression. The establishment during the reign of King Sejong of a more permanent border with the Jurchens occasioned by the development of the Four Commanderies (sagun) and Six Garrisons (yukchin) spurred Chos?n to pursue a policy that combined hard-line measures such as military confrontation with more subtle efforts at subjugation that included the provision of royal gifts, government posts, and emoluments.
The rise of the Jianzhou Jurchen tribe located in the Tumen and Yalu River areas during the late portion of the reign of King Sejo had the effect of ushering in a marked change in the overall attitude of the Jurchens. During the reign of King S?ngjong, the Jurchens demanded that the number of delegations to Seoul, government posts, and royal gifts they received be increased. In addition, some Jurchen made their displeasure directly and straightforwardly known to Chos?n by invading across the Yalu River. Meanwhile, others attacked those amongst their tribes who had become residents of the Six Garrisons.
During the reign of the Y?nsan’gun, a group of Jurchens from the Tumen River area led by the Udige clan took up residence in the inland areas of Chos?n. In this regard, they subsequently refused to accept the order of the Chos?n government that they return to their original area of residence. As military readiness in the area was not as strong as it had once been, the government of Chos?n was fearful that great damage could be caused by allowing the Jurchen to take up residence around the remaining five garrisons. More to the point, the government was concerned that a scenario in which the Jurchen used this proximity to probe for Chos?n’s weaknesses would come to pass. As such, the government of Chos?n found itself hard-pressed to accept their request for relocation. Further compounding matters was the fact that some of the Jurchens in the Yalu River area began to set sail to places such as Wiw?n, Manp’o, and Py?kdong in small ships to pillage the fortunes and properties of citizens of Chos?n. In some instances, they even threatened or actually captured local magistrates.
Faced with such circumstances, the Chos?n government had no choice but to search for countermeasures. Much as had been done during the preceding era, policy for the northern area was during the reign of the Y?nsan’gun established based on discussions between ministers specializing in border affairs (chiby?nsa chaesang) and high-ranking officials. This method was similar to the one employed during the middle of the reign of King S?ngjong onwards in conjunction with the protection of the border area. The main parties involved at the ministerial level in the formulation of measures with regards to the Jurchens during the reign of the Y?nsan’gun were S?ng Chun, Yi K?kkyun, and Yi Kyedong. These individuals were well-versed in the situation in the northern area, having served during the reigns of King Sejo and S?ngjong as low-ranking officials in the area before being subsequently appointed as governors and military commanders for the provinces of Py?ngan and Hamgy?ng. After having served as the Minister of Military Affairs (Py?ngjo p’ans?), they were then promoted to positions in which they participated directly in the formulation of policy.
From early Chos?n onwards, the selection of those who were responsible for the formulation of defense policy for the northern area, including that which involved the Jurchen, was in large part based on the potential candidates’ actual experience and knowledge of the region. To this end, a limited number of officials at the ministerial level were generally responsible for the development and implementation of the policy measures related to the northern area. During the reign of the Y?nsan’gun, the relevant policy was led by the above-mentioned three individuals.
The policy put in place vis-vis the Jurchens during the reign of the Y?nsan’gun was one that involved elements of appeasement such as the provision of government posts and royal gifts to the Jurchens, as well as the dispatch of royal envoys to the Jurchens in Jianzhou. However, it also included more aggressive elements such as the military confrontation of any Jurchens who encroached on Chos?n’s inland areas, the development of fortresses so as to strengthen overall defenses, and the relocation of garrisons to known strongholds. However, for every policy related to the northern area that was successfully put in place during the reign of the Y?nsan’gun, there were several that failed or never made it past the discussion stage. However, contrary to the chaotic domestic political situation that prevailed during the tyrannical reign of the Y?nsan’gun, the process through which such policies were implemented reveals that Chos?n’s foreign policy, and more specifically the management of the relationship with the Jurchens, remained largely unchanged from that in place during the early stages of the dynasty.
The rise of the Jianzhou Jurchen tribe located in the Tumen and Yalu River areas during the late portion of the reign of King Sejo had the effect of ushering in a marked change in the overall attitude of the Jurchens. During the reign of King S?ngjong, the Jurchens demanded that the number of delegations to Seoul, government posts, and royal gifts they received be increased. In addition, some Jurchen made their displeasure directly and straightforwardly known to Chos?n by invading across the Yalu River. Meanwhile, others attacked those amongst their tribes who had become residents of the Six Garrisons.
During the reign of the Y?nsan’gun, a group of Jurchens from the Tumen River area led by the Udige clan took up residence in the inland areas of Chos?n. In this regard, they subsequently refused to accept the order of the Chos?n government that they return to their original area of residence. As military readiness in the area was not as strong as it had once been, the government of Chos?n was fearful that great damage could be caused by allowing the Jurchen to take up residence around the remaining five garrisons. More to the point, the government was concerned that a scenario in which the Jurchen used this proximity to probe for Chos?n’s weaknesses would come to pass. As such, the government of Chos?n found itself hard-pressed to accept their request for relocation. Further compounding matters was the fact that some of the Jurchens in the Yalu River area began to set sail to places such as Wiw?n, Manp’o, and Py?kdong in small ships to pillage the fortunes and properties of citizens of Chos?n. In some instances, they even threatened or actually captured local magistrates.
Faced with such circumstances, the Chos?n government had no choice but to search for countermeasures. Much as had been done during the preceding era, policy for the northern area was during the reign of the Y?nsan’gun established based on discussions between ministers specializing in border affairs (chiby?nsa chaesang) and high-ranking officials. This method was similar to the one employed during the middle of the reign of King S?ngjong onwards in conjunction with the protection of the border area. The main parties involved at the ministerial level in the formulation of measures with regards to the Jurchens during the reign of the Y?nsan’gun were S?ng Chun, Yi K?kkyun, and Yi Kyedong. These individuals were well-versed in the situation in the northern area, having served during the reigns of King Sejo and S?ngjong as low-ranking officials in the area before being subsequently appointed as governors and military commanders for the provinces of Py?ngan and Hamgy?ng. After having served as the Minister of Military Affairs (Py?ngjo p’ans?), they were then promoted to positions in which they participated directly in the formulation of policy.
From early Chos?n onwards, the selection of those who were responsible for the formulation of defense policy for the northern area, including that which involved the Jurchen, was in large part based on the potential candidates’ actual experience and knowledge of the region. To this end, a limited number of officials at the ministerial level were generally responsible for the development and implementation of the policy measures related to the northern area. During the reign of the Y?nsan’gun, the relevant policy was led by the above-mentioned three individuals.
The policy put in place vis-vis the Jurchens during the reign of the Y?nsan’gun was one that involved elements of appeasement such as the provision of government posts and royal gifts to the Jurchens, as well as the dispatch of royal envoys to the Jurchens in Jianzhou. However, it also included more aggressive elements such as the military confrontation of any Jurchens who encroached on Chos?n’s inland areas, the development of fortresses so as to strengthen overall defenses, and the relocation of garrisons to known strongholds. However, for every policy related to the northern area that was successfully put in place during the reign of the Y?nsan’gun, there were several that failed or never made it past the discussion stage. However, contrary to the chaotic domestic political situation that prevailed during the tyrannical reign of the Y?nsan’gun, the process through which such policies were implemented reveals that Chos?n’s foreign policy, and more specifically the management of the relationship with the Jurchens, remained largely unchanged from that in place during the early stages of the dynasty.
#연산군
#여진
#압록강
#두만강
#평안도
#함경도
#지변사재상
#재상급
#국방전문가
#기미정책
#회유
#강경
#관방대비
#여진정책
#Yŏnsan'gun Jurchens the Yalu River the Tumen River chibyŏnsa chaesang
#Pyŏngan provinces Hamgyŏng provinces provision of government posts and royal gifts to the Jurchens
#dispatch of royal envoys to the Jurchens military confrontation the development of fortresses the relocation of garrisons
#Jurchen Policy
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 연산군대 이전의 여진 대책
Ⅲ. 연산군대 여진세력의 동향
Ⅳ. 연산군대의 여진 대책
Ⅴ. 맺음말
〈ABSTRACT〉
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