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자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
Hyeon-Joong Kim (Konkuk University) Seok-Won Jung (Konkuk University) Seog-Young Kim (University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Institute of Life Science, Asan Medical Center) Ik-Hyun Cho (Kyung Hee University) Hyoung-Chun Kim (Kangwon National University) Hyewhon Rhim (Korea Institute of Science and Technology) Manho Kim (Seoul National University Hospital) Seung-Yeol Nah (Konkuk University)
저널정보
고려인삼학회 Journal of Ginseng Research Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.42 No.4
발행연도
2018.10
수록면
401 - 411 (11page)

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Longevity in medicine can be defined as a long life without mental or physical deficits. This can be prevented by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Current conventional AD treatments only alleviate the symptoms without reversing AD progression. Recent studies demonstrated that Panax ginseng extract improves AD symptoms in patients with AD, and the two main components of ginseng might contribute to AD amelioration. Ginsenosides show various AD-related neuroprotective effects. Gintonin is a newly identified ginseng constituent that contains lysophosphatidic acids and attenuates AD-related brain neuropathies. Ginsenosides decrease amyloid β-protein (Aβ) formation by inhibiting β- and γ-secretase activity or by activating the nonamyloidogenic pathway, inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and Abinduced neurotoxicity, and decrease Aβ-induced production of reactive oxygen species and neuroinflammatory reactions. Oral administration of ginsenosides increases the expression levels of enzymes involved in acetylcholine synthesis in the brain and alleviates Aβ-induced cholinergic deficits in AD models. Similarly, gintonin inhibits Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and activates the nonamyloidogenic pathway to reduce Aβ formation and to increase acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase expression in the brain through lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Oral administration of gintonin attenuates brain amyloid plaque deposits, boosting hippocampal cholinergic systems and neurogenesis, thereby ameliorating learning and memory impairments. It also improves cognitive functions in patients with AD. Ginsenosides and gintonin attenuate AD-related neuropathology through multiple routes. This review focuses research demonstrating that ginseng constituents could be a candidate as an adjuvant for AD treatment. However, clinical investigations including efficacy and tolerability analyses may be necessary for the clinical acceptance of ginseng components in combination with conventional AD drugs.

목차

abstract
1. Introduction
2. Effects of ginseng extract on animal models of and patients with AD
3. Effects of ginseng components on Ab formation
4. Effects of ginseng components on the brain’s cholinergic systems
6. Effects of ginseng components on Aβ-induced neuroinflammation
5. Effects of ginseng components on Aβ-induced reactive oxidative stress
7. Effects of ginseng components on hippocampal neurogenesis
8. Gintonin improves impaired cognitive functions in elderly AD dementia
9. Perspective and conclusion
References

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