예카테리나 2세의 '그리스 프로젝트'

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저자정보: 황성우

저널정보: 한국외국어대학교 동유럽발칸연구소 동유럽발칸연구 동유럽발칸연구 제40권 제1호

발행연도: 2016.1

수록면: 177 - 204 (28page)

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흑해지역은 러시아 역사의 시발점이자 러시아 문명의 발상지이다. 적극적인 서유럽화 정책을 펼친 표트르 대제가 유럽으로 나가는 창구를 이곳에 건설하고자 했을 정도로 흑해는 러시아에게 중요한 전략적 핵심공간이었다. 흔히 상트페테르부르크를 ‘유럽으로 열린 창’이라고 부르지만, 표트르 대제가 유럽으로 나가는 창구를 확보하려고 시도했던 최우선 지역은 흑해였다. ‘발트 해-흑해’ 교역로를 통해 부를 축적해 고대 역사를 시작한 러시아 입장에서 흑해의 중요성은 결코 가볍게 평가할 수 없었기 때문이다. 더욱이 키예프 루시가 몰락한 이후 18세기에 흑해를 다시 회복하기까지 이곳에 기울인 국가적 노력을 고려해 보더라도 러시아가 흑해를 얼마나 중요한 공간으로 간주하는 지 알 수 있다. 그리스 프로젝트는 러시아의 오랜 숙원이었던 흑해 지역을 차지하기 위해 예카테리나 2세가 추구했던 야심찬 계획이었다. 용어 자체는 독창적으로 생성됐다고 말할 수 있으나, 그리스 프로젝트는 표트르 대제 이후 러시아의 지도자가 꿈꿔왔던 남부 국경에 대한 정서적 동경과 이것을 현실화하기 위해 예카테리나가 구상한 계획이 서로 맞물리며 등장했다고 볼 수 있다. 즉 그녀는 앞선 지도자들로부터 전수받은 역사적 임무를 현실 정치에 적용해 완수하고, 성공한 정책을 통해 자신의 위대함을 널리 알리고자 그리스 프로젝트라는 초대형 영토 확장 계획을 추진했다고 할 수 있다. 그리고 러시아의 크림 합병으로 인해 국제사회에 ‘新냉전’이 도래할 개연성이 다시 부각되고 있는 상황에서 그리스 프로젝트는 러시아인들이 흑해와 크림반도에 애착을 가질 수밖에 없는 이유를 잘 설명해주고 있다.

Ekaterina II the Great (1762~1796), a successor of Peter the Great, was an enlightened monarch who implemented domestic policies based on the laws and strengthened the national power of Russia by actively expanding its territory. At that time, countries competing against Russia were: Sweden to the north, Poland to the west, and the Ottoman Empire to the south. The national power of Sweden was relatively weak due to its defeat at the Northern Wars (1700~1721) against Peter the Great, and the national power of Poland was also weak, but the Ottoman Empire was a strong nation at that time. Through a war against the Ottoman Empire, Russia aimed to retake the old territory of Kievan Rus, which was the birthplace of ancient civilization of the past Russia, and to conquer the Black Sea region which was considered Russia's southern border at that time. After the collapse of Kievan Rus in 1240 and the ruling of the region by Mongol for 240 years, the Black Sea region became part of the territory of the Khanate of the Crimea, which was a successor state of Kipchak Khanate. In addition, the Khanate of the Crimea had already recognized the Ottoman Empire's sovereign authority over the region. Ekaterina II the Great secured a non-freezing port by advancing into the south, and was willing to have a war against the Ottoman Empire to conquer the Black Sea region. The state of wars between Russia and he Ottoman Empire cannot be elaborated in detail due to numerous wars, but there were two big wars between them. Through the first Russo-Turkish War (1768~ 1774) and the second Russo-Turkish War (1787~1795), the two nations battled over the Black Sea region. As a result of the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, Kaynarca which was signed after the first Russo-Turkish War, the Ottoman Empire had to hand over a lot of its territory to Russia. As a result, Russia acquired the Azov Sea nd Black Sea regions, and Russian ships secured the right to operate activities freely at the regions. Furthermore, when Turkey gave up the Crimean Peninsula, Russia took over the peninsula in 1783. During the second Russo-Turkish War (1787~1792), Russia conquered all the coastal areas, which connected Ochakov, the Black Sea, and the Dnepr River, and was able to control its southern border, which was Russia’s long cherished desire. Russia’s war against the Ottoman Empire was a process of the Greek Project established by Russia. The Greek Project was a strategy of the East Policy pursued during the 1780s by Ekaterina II the Great. The core goal of the Greek Project was to build the new Byzantine Empire, centering around Constantinople, by dividing or weakening the Ottoman Empire. Ekaterina II the Great and her loyal retinue, Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin (1739~1791) were major creators of the project. The goal of the Greek Project was not only to construct the new Byzantine Empire, but to acquire an access to the sea which would open up a window to Europe and into the Mediterranean Sea via the Black Sea. In addition, the project was planned in alliance with a surrounding powerful country, Austria, in order to concentrate on the war against the Ottoman Empire and to divide the Empire jointly. In fact, statements about such a joint plan could be seen in secret letters sent in 1782 between Joseph the Second of Austria and Ekaterina II the Great. In secret letters written in 1782, Joseph the Second and Ekaterina II the Great formed a scheme to carry out the division of the Ottoman Empire. Ekaterina II the Great took the initiative in realizing the scheme openly. As could be seen through several letters between them, Ekaterina II the Great discussed the plan for dividing the Ottoman Empire in concrete. In the last letter sent to Joseph the Second on September 10, 1782, Ekaterina II the Great mentioned the so-called Greek Project. The goal of the project was to construct a new independent country called Dacia which included the areas of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Bessarabia. As clearly stated in the letter, the new country Dacia was a kind of buffer zone between Russia and Austria. Joseph the Second of Austria came to discover Russia’s plan for appointing Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin, who was a Russian officer and politician and Ekaterina II the Great’s lover, as the first monarch of Dacia. There was another plan to construct the new Byzantine Empire, which was also called the Greek Empire, around the Dacia state, by basing on Constantinople. Ekaterina II the Great wanted her second grandson Constantine to become the first Emperor of the Greek Empire. Her plan was to control over Christians living in the Balkan Peninsula. Her plan could be realized after Russia acquired the right to protect all Christians in the Ottoman Empire after the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji signed with the Ottoman Empire in 1774. Joseph the Second (1765~1790) thought Ekaterina II the Great’s plan was interesting, but he did not like her plan. The reason was that Austria's plan for the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula could be relatively devaluated due to Ekaterina II the Great’s plan. After a careful analysis of the international situation and the military power of strong countries at that time, Joseph the Second concluded that Ekaterina II the Great's plan was an unrealistic, thoughtless strategy. Even in letters between the two, Joseph the Second disregarded the Greek Project for being unrealistic. He did not openly object her plan. In the letter written on November 13, 1782, he asserted that Austria should be able to acquire certain areas from the Ottoman Empire upon the realization of the project. As reviewed above, the Black Sea region was said to be the beginning of Russian history and the birthplace of Russian civilization. As aggressively as Peter the Great tried to westernize Russia, the Black Sea was a core strategic space for Russia in opening up a window to Europe. Often times, Saint Petersburg is called ‘a Window to Europe,’ but Russia’s first attempt to advance into Europe was through the Black Sea. To Russia, which began its ancient history by accumulating its wealth through the Baltic-Black Sea trade route, the importance of the Black Sea to Russia should not be evaluated lightly. Furthermore, from Russia's efforts that were put into since the collapse of Kievan Rus until its recovery in the 18th century, the Black Sea was considered to be very important to Russia. Even though the Greek Project was not realized in the end, but Ekaterina II the Great’s supremacy over the Black Sea region was recognized by the international community through the Treaty of Jassy signed in 1792, and since then, the Black Sea was recognized as the southern border of Russia. Ekaterina II the Great’s plan for building an Empire through the three capitals (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Constantinople) failed, but her plan for retaking the birthplace of ancient Russian civilization by acquiring the Black Sea region and for securing the southern border of Russia for an easy access of import and export was realized.

#예카테리나 2세 #그리스 프로젝트 #新비잔틴제국 #콘스탄티노플 #흑해 #Ekaterina II the Great #Greek Project #New Byzantium #Constantinople #Black Sea

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참고문헌 신청

김용덕 / 2010 / 폴란드 삼국분할과 영토 분쟁 연구 / 동유럽발칸연구 24:231~253

大國崛起 / 2007 / 강대국의 조건: 러시아 / ag

박태성 / 2009 / 한눈에 보는 러시아 역사 / 부산외대 출판부

브리태니커 세계대백과사전

황성우 / 2009 / ‘발트해-흑해 무역로’와 키예프 루시의 태동 / 동유럽발칸연구 22:249~272

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