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This paper tries to expose the ideological conflict that underlay the development of the National History Standards by analyzing the intellectual and political contexts in which the controversy surrounding the creation of the Standards.
Backed by national political leaders in the Bush Administration and funded by NEH, the National History Standards Project was launched in 1991. To seek consensus on the teaching of history, the professors and the teachers involved in the project debated some fundamental issues such as the issue of multiculturalism and the primacy of the Western Civilization in the world history. Eventually the National History Standards they proposed were a compromise on the issues of the inclusion of minority contributions in the U. S. history and the place of western civilization in the teaching of world history.
Yet before the Standards were released in October 1994, Lynne Cheney, the former director of NEH, denounced the Standards as the product of an academic establishment that rebels in politicized history. She charged the authors of the Standards with political correctness, excessive multiculturalism, and neglecting America's many heroes and triumphs. For the next eighteen months, the controversy over America's past raged in the national press, over the airwaves, and in the Congress.
With the help of conservative media, and the new Republican majority in the Congress, the conservatives led by Cheney portrayed the writers of the Standards as a band of left-leaning professors with the aim of perverting the minds of America's youth. To refute this allegation, the NCHS did their best, including to stress that the Standards had emerged through an admirable process of open debate. However, their response was too late and too weak to reverse the damage done by Cheney's domination of the debate early on.
In this analysis both sides which were involved in the Standards controversy were found to have politicized the debate, and as a result, they did a real disservice to the nation. The conservatives claimed that the authors of the Standards politicized history through the Standards. The NCHS made a response that the conservatives had an intention to make the Standards debate a political issue, questioning the timing of Cheney's attack which was launched just two weeks before the election of November 1994. Regardless of political inclination, both sides believed that the other side is acting according to the political motivation only.
Now the battle over the Standards in the ongoing culture wars is over. Neither side achieved victory. The conservatives did not succeed in implementing their reform agenda, and the liberal content of the Standards was repudiated by Congress. The Standards controversy demonstrated that school reform is too important to be made a hostage to the culture wars.
Backed by national political leaders in the Bush Administration and funded by NEH, the National History Standards Project was launched in 1991. To seek consensus on the teaching of history, the professors and the teachers involved in the project debated some fundamental issues such as the issue of multiculturalism and the primacy of the Western Civilization in the world history. Eventually the National History Standards they proposed were a compromise on the issues of the inclusion of minority contributions in the U. S. history and the place of western civilization in the teaching of world history.
Yet before the Standards were released in October 1994, Lynne Cheney, the former director of NEH, denounced the Standards as the product of an academic establishment that rebels in politicized history. She charged the authors of the Standards with political correctness, excessive multiculturalism, and neglecting America's many heroes and triumphs. For the next eighteen months, the controversy over America's past raged in the national press, over the airwaves, and in the Congress.
With the help of conservative media, and the new Republican majority in the Congress, the conservatives led by Cheney portrayed the writers of the Standards as a band of left-leaning professors with the aim of perverting the minds of America's youth. To refute this allegation, the NCHS did their best, including to stress that the Standards had emerged through an admirable process of open debate. However, their response was too late and too weak to reverse the damage done by Cheney's domination of the debate early on.
In this analysis both sides which were involved in the Standards controversy were found to have politicized the debate, and as a result, they did a real disservice to the nation. The conservatives claimed that the authors of the Standards politicized history through the Standards. The NCHS made a response that the conservatives had an intention to make the Standards debate a political issue, questioning the timing of Cheney's attack which was launched just two weeks before the election of November 1994. Regardless of political inclination, both sides believed that the other side is acting according to the political motivation only.
Now the battle over the Standards in the ongoing culture wars is over. Neither side achieved victory. The conservatives did not succeed in implementing their reform agenda, and the liberal content of the Standards was repudiated by Congress. The Standards controversy demonstrated that school reform is too important to be made a hostage to the culture wars.
목차
1. 머리말
2. 역사표준서 개발과정의 논란
3. 완성된 역사표준서를 둘러싼 공방
4. 역사표준서 논쟁의 배경
5. 맺음말
Abstract
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